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Managing Project Management

Oooh - project management. Everyone talks about project management but what is it? Isn’t project management just organizing your little work to get the big work done? Isn’t project management really just a series of events to create some thing, by some point, way off in some hazy future? Not really.

To define what project management is we first need to define what projects are. A project, technically, is a short-term endeavor to create a unique product or service. A project, in practical terms, is an assignment or undertaking to create a deliverable that satisfies the mission of the project customers.

A project is a set of activities to create something that is outside of your day-to-day operations. A project creates a unique deliverable. For example, if your organization develops game software the actual creation and development of the code is a project. The manufacturing of the CDs, the Internet delivery, and the technical support you provide to your customers is part of maintenance and operations.

The difference is that one set of activities creates a unique deliverable while the other centers on organizational process, day-to-day business, and support of the organization’s mission. This is true in disciplines other than IT: consider designing a car versus manufacturing a car. Consider writing a book versus printing a book. Consider building a skyscraper versus maintaining a skyscraper.

Projects have budgets, deadlines, and an agreed set of requirements for the deliverable to be accepted by the customer.

The United States of Project Management

In my project management seminars I like to say that this point in the room represent our current state; this is where our organization is today. We have some opportunity that we’d like to seize. We have some problem that we’d like to solve. Or there’s technology that has leapfrogged our current equipment so we need to improve our technical attributes. Where we are now is our current state.

Then I’ll stroll to a distant part of the room. This new location represents where we want our organization to get to. This describes our desired future state. Can you imagine how great our organization would be once we reach this destination? Can you imagination the problem solved, the seized opportunity, or the new technology and how it makes our business better? This spot represent our desired future state.

The only way we can get from right here, our current state, to our desired future state, which is way over there, is through project management. Project management is about planning, doing, and ensuring that we’ve followed our plan. Here’s a key thought: the only way we can do project management, effective project management, is to know where our desired future state exists.

Effective project management is built on a solid foundation of planning. Then the project team must execute the work according to plan. And the project manager must control the work to ensure that the project plan was followed. Plan. Do. Check. React. Project management, quite simply, is knowing where we’re going, planning on how we’ll get there, and then delivering on the promises within the plan.

Projects, all projects, have constraints. Have you every inherited a project that had to be done by a given deadline? Remember the Y2K scare that turned out to be the Y2-OK yawn a few years ago? It was real tough to move that deadline. January 1, 2000 was coming ready or not.

Or have you ever managed a project that had a preset budget? Regardless of how long it took your project could not, must not, spend more than $750,000. Or else. A pre-set budget may be calculated on how much cash is in the bank account, the expected return on the project investment, or some other magic formula like the time value of money. The point is, a pre-set budget is constraint.

Finally, you may have faced a project that had some very steep requirements. Are you a public company? Then you’ve dealt with the Sarbane-Oxley Act. Or if you’re in health care you’ve dealt with HIPAA. Or the regulations you may have to follow in pharmaceutical, construction, manufacturing, and countless other industries.

You may also have worked with a customer that said, “I don’t care how much it costs or how long it takes. I need the product to do this.” (Those are my favorite kinds of customers, by the way.) These steep requirements are part of the project scope and in order for the project to be successful the project scope has to be met.

You’ve just read about the triple constraints of project management: time, cost, and scope. The triple constraints of project management are collectively called “The Iron Triangle.” Imagine an equilateral triangle. If you don’t want to imagine take a look at Figure 1. The bottom of the triangle represents scope, another side represents cost, and the last side represents time.

In order for the project to be successful the project must remain an equilateral triangle. In other words, you can have a gigantic scope, and puny budget, or a weak schedule. For a project to be successful each side of the Iron Triangle must remain in proportion to the other sides. If your customer wants a scope that’s so big (hold your arms out real wide). And their budget is only this big (now bring your arms in real close together). A big ol’ scope and tiny little budget means just one thing: it ain’t gonna happen.

The same is true with the schedule. There must be enough time to plan and execute the project in order to achieve the project’s scope. Unrealistic expectations on the schedule usually leads to waste, rework, frustrations, and a decline in morale. In some instances this may also lead to cheap tequila.

Capturing The Picture

I like photography. I like to look at pictures, take pictures, and mess with filters, lenses, and light meters. In order to really capture a good photo, I’ve learned, you have to see the developed photo in your mind’s eye. You have to look at your environment and see how it’d look once the film’s been developed or the image is printed on your color laser printer. You have to see into the future in order to capture the present in your camera. You must have vision.

Being a project manager really isn’t that different. A project manager must have vision for what the project is to create. The project manager inherits the vision from the key stakeholders, the project sponsor, or even management. In order to plan for the project work the project manager must envision what the end result of the project will be. Like taking a photo, a good photo, the project manager has to study, observe, and see the end result of the efforts before the work begins.

Another way to look at your new friend the Iron Triangle is to imagine the photographer’s tripod. If you’ve ever worked with a tripod (hopefully with a camera on top) you know the secret is to have the tripod balanced and level. In fact, some camera tripods have a level built into the head so you know when it is level. A level tripod ensures that the photo’s horizon is flat; it makes a goofy picture when the ocean is slipping down to South America.

Now imagine that one leg of the tripod equates to scope, another to time, and the last is cost. We agree that the tripod has to be balanced to take a good picture, just like a project has to have balance to be successful. If any leg of the tripod is extended more than the others the tripod is off-balance - just like your projects.

Some tripods are nice and heavy. A heavy tripod helps when you’ve taking a photo in the middle of a river or you’re fighting a wind storm. The trouble with heavy tripods is someone has to carry them. What some photographers do is carry a light tripod and then suspend their camera bag under the tripod to fend off any shakes. A neat trick.

In project management what’s keeping your project sturdy? Imagine that the area within the three legs of the tripod represents quality. If any leg of the tripod is out of balance then quality is likely to suffer. Quality is in proportion to the amount of time, cost, and scope available for the project deliverables. When one angle of the project suffers so does quality.

What good is a project’s deliverable if the project is finished on time, but the product or service doesn’t work as promised? Or if the project manager has spent all of the money but didn’t create all the promised deliverables? Quality is affected by the balance of time, cost, and scope.

Following this snappy analogy of photography, what kind of camera would you like to put on top of your tripod? If you’re like me, I bet you’d like a digital SLR, capable of 12 megapixels, and a few gigs of memory for your digital photos. Of you could rely on a manual 35mm camera, with slide film, and a nice set of filters.

But wouldn’t you have better photos with the 12 megapixel digital camera? Not necessarily. Just because you have a fantastic camera doesn’t mean your photos will be fantastic. It’s not the camera that takes the pictures - it’s the photographer.

The camera, in our project management analogy, are the mechanics of project management. The person behind the camera is the project manager. Just as the photographer has to know how to adjust the camera to capture the perfect photo, so does the project manager adjust the controls within project management to deliver on the project’s demands.

Good photographers and good project managers have much in common: experience, a foundation in the fundamentals, and a willingness to learn. At the core, I believe, is an ability to capture a vision - and then process that vision for others to see.

Projects Tell a Story

If you don’t like photography maybe you’ll like stories.

Projects, like a good story, have a beginning, a middle, and a satisfying end. Think back to any project you’ve managed or worked on. Can you recall the beginning, middle, and a Hollywood ending?

The story for all projects is that they move through five process groups to get from start to finish. Within each process group there are key activities which help a project move along. Figure 2 demonstrates the flow of a project through the five process groups.

Initiate a project

This process group starts all the fun. In this group the business need for the project is identified, some initial solutions may be proposed, and the project manager is selected.

The most important document to come out of this group is the project charter. The project charter authorizes the project work and assigns the project manager the power to complete the project on behalf of the project sponsor. The project sponsor is typically someone high enough in the organizational hierarchy to have power over the resources that need to be involved in the project. (Having a weak sponsor for your project can also, unfortunately, lead to cheap tequila.)

Planning the project

In order to plan the project manager must know what the project will create. The project manager and the project stakeholders - the people that have a stake in the project outcome - have to determine what the desired future state is. A dreamy wish list won’t work. The project demands exact requirements. If you don’t know what the project should create how will you ever get there?

Once the project requirements have been agreed upon then the project manager, the project team, and in some instances the project stakeholders will create a plan on how to achieve the project objectives. This isn’t a one-time process. Planning is an iterative process that happens throughout the project duration. Planning is a cornerstone of project management - skip planning or do it half-heartedly and the project is doomed.

Executing the Project

Ever hear the quip, “Plan your work and then work your plan?” This is the working part. The executing process group is the project team executing the project work according to plan -- and the project manager working with any vendors that may be in involved in the execution or support of the deliverables needed for the project completion.

Controlling the Project

Control freaks need not apply. Controlling isn’t about micromanaging - it’s about compliance with the project plan. As you can see in Figure 2, there’s balance between execution and control. The project manager works with the project team, not over them, to ensure that they’re doing the work as it was planned. And if not? Then the project manager makes corrective actions to get the project back in alignment with the project plan.

Controlling is also about balancing the time, cost, and scope constraints as the project moves along. The project manager has to measure, compare, and adjust controls within the project to ensure project success. If we do not measure we cannot improve.

Closing the Project

Aaah - closing. This process group centers on closing out the project accounts, completing final, formal acceptance of the project deliverables, finalizing any time, cost, or quality reports, completing the project’s lessons learned documentation, and finalizing any financial or procurement audits. The project manager may have to complete a review of each team member, a review of the vendors, and a review of their own actions in the project.

Project closure also involves some rewards and recognition. For some, this means bonuses, vacation time, or other rewards. If this isn’t appropriate or available in your organization the project manager should at least verbally reward the project team for their hard work and a job well-done (assuming the project was done well).

Putting it all Together

As you know projects are short-term endeavors to create a unique product or service. Projects are out of the normal duties you do as part of your operations. Projects are constrained by time, cost, and scope -- and other constraints such as regulations, resources, or even vendors.

The Iron Triangle of project management posits that all projects are constrained by time, cost, and scope. If one angle of the project is out whack the whole project suffers.

Projects, and technically even project phases, move through five process groups: initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing. Each process group has key activities that lend to a successful project. I believe the most important group is planning. Without planning the project is destined for failure.

What we’ve discussed in this intro to project management is a good foundation for how projects are to operate, their constraints, and a some challenges every project manager faces. On top of this strong foundation there are nine knowledge areas which also affect a project’s success:

1. Project Scope Management

2. Project Time Management

3. Project Cost Management

4. Project Quality Management

5. Human Resources Management

6. Communications Management

7. Project Risk Management

8. Project Procurement Management

9. Project Integration Management

For each of these knowledge areas I’ve written an article which explains their characteristics and how they contribute to your projects.

For now know this: projects are successful based on the ability of the project manager to lead, manage, and motivate the project team to complete the project plan. The project plan supports the vision the project manager has inherited from the project stakeholders. If the project manager and the project stakeholder don’t have the same vision of the desired future state the project is doomed.

Projects fail at the beginning, not the end.

About the Author

Joseph Phillips is the author of five books on project management and is a, PMI Project Management Professional, a CompTIA certified Project Professional, and a Certified Technical Trainer. For more information about Project Management Training, please visit Project Seminars .

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Barska 20-60x60 Colorado WP Spotting Scope w/ Tripod, Blue Lens $89.99 Barska Colorado 20-60x60 Waterproof Spotting Scope CO11216 sets the standard for portability, optical performance and value. At home at the target range or in the wild, the Barska Colorado Series 20-60x Straight-Body Spotting Scope features Fully-Coated optics and a large objective 60mm lens that delivers a crisp clear view and increased light transmission. This spotting scope is 100% Waterproof and Fogproof, and comes with its own tripod. The Barska Colorado Series 20-60x Spotter features 20x-60x adjustable zoom magnification with quick access focus, allowing you to lock on to your subject then zoom in to catch all the details in high definition contrast. This Barska scope is designed for higher power observation both in the field and at home - it's great for targeting, range shooting, hunting, astronomy, bird watching, marine and general observation. Its light weight makes the Barska CO11216 Spotting Scope easy for transportation to remote areas; and with its high quality rubber armouring and nitrogen purg

1x30 Reflex Laser Sight Rifle Scope S8610 $25.9 - Fast-focus eyepiece - The reflex laser sight rifle scope is specifically designed for tactical shooters that need a versatile scope for both short-distance, quick-acquisition shooting and medium- to long-distance shooting - Rifle scope is an excellent choice for hunting big game - Manually adjust the trajectory - Marsdenia rate of strong, large adjustment range ballistic - Professional shockproof system, prevent the normal recoil impact and vibration - This reflex laser sight rifle scope allows you to instantly shoot targets at two different distances - The reflex laser sight scope rifle offers a large field of view and bright - Material: Built-in Red and Green laser crosshairs (selected via control dial) - Powered By : CR2032 cell batteries (included)???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? - Package Included: ?1 x Reflex Laser Sight Rifle Scope ?

Sightron Spotting Scope Kit, SI 18-36x50mm Spotting Scope Kit $178.56 Sightron , Inc. Is now offering a compact spotting scope kit that includes an 18-36x 50mm SI Spotting Scope, an aluminum carrying case, and panhead lever tripod. The SI Spotting Scope is compact in size, but delivers excellent optical quality for a value priced unit. The lenses are fully coated and the scope is totally waterproof. The scope is also rubber armored to hold up to rugged in-the-field use. Description 18-36x50mm Waterproof Accessories Aluminum Carrying Case and Panhead Lever Tripod Finish Rubber Armored Lenses Fully Coated Lenses

Spotter SV 20-60x60 Spotting Scope with Tripod and Soft Case $203.65 The "SV" stands for "Super Value". The perfect combination of performance and affordability Spotter SV scope feature high variable zoom powers, outstanding optical performance and exceptional quality --- all at an amazingly affordable price. Spotter SV scopes are convenient and ideal for everyday use. Backed by the manufacturer's Limited Lifetime WarrantyFEATURES:20-60x magnification with large 60 mm objective lens with variable zoom power spotting scopeFully coated optics Roof prism type spotting scope with angled eyepiece systemRotating Eyepiece allows for many different viewing positionsBonus accessories includes extendable panhead tripod and soft carrying case.PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS:Specifications:20-60xField of View (ft@1000yds/m@1000m) =120/42@20x40/14@60xExit Pupil (mm): 3.0@20x~1.0@60xClose Focus (ft/m) 16.4/5Eye Relief (mm) 25/20x22@60x

Spotter SV 15-45x50 Spotting Scope with Tripod and Soft Case $185.75 The "SV" stands for "Super Value". The perfect combination of performance and affordability Spotter SV scope feature high variable zoom powers, outstanding optical performance and exceptional quality --- all at an amazingly affordable price. Spotter SV scopes are convenient and ideal for everyday use. Backed by the manufacturer's Limited Lifetime WarrantyFEATURES:15-45x magnification with large 50mm objective lens with variable zoom power spotting scopeFully coated opticsRoof prism type spotting scope with angled eyepiece systemRotating Eyepiece allows for many different viewing positionsBonus accessories includes extendable panhead tripod and soft carrying case.PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS:Specifications: 15-45xField of View (ft@1000yds/m@1000m) =162/54@15x54/18@45xExit Pupil (mm): 3.3@15x~1.1@45x Close Focus (ft/m) 16.4/5Eye Relief (mm) 25@15x22@45x

Pacific Laser Systems PLS-20513 Elevator Tripod $149 Elevator Tripod - PLS-20513. (2) Extension Rods. 5/8-in-11 - 1/4-in-20 Tripod Adapter. Canvas Transport Bag

Konus Konuspot 80 Spotting Scope 20-60X80 W/Tripod 7120 $229.99 Konus Konuspot 80 Spotting Scope. This powerful spotting scopes offer high image definition and increased brightness. They have oversized objective lenses (80mm) and a zoom which takes the magnification from 20x to 60x. The metal body with rubber armouring is antishock rainproof and fogproof and the high quality mechanical construction grants precision and stability. The eyepieceis built at 45º and both models have the extendable ayshades and come completed with photo adapter (to be used with optionla T2 ring). It is enclosed also a metal table tripod. The unit offers a set/release screw to rotate the spotting scope in different positions. Supplied with caseand instructions. Specifications: Model Number: 7120. Model Name: KONUSPOT-80. Magnification: 20x-60x Zoom. Objective Lens Diameter: 80 mm. Field of View (1000m/1000yds): 40mt/120ft at 20x. Exit Pupil (mm/in): 2.9mm/0.12 at 20x. Weight (gr/oz): 1500-54.7. Length: 420mm/ 16.8". Contents: Konuspot-80 Spotting Scope, Tripod, Photo Adapter, Carrying Case, Type: Gun Scopes

Crooked Horn SSTC198 Spotting Scope with Tripod Carrier Medium Adv MAX 1 $77.99 Todays hunter is more critical than ever field judging trophy animals. Spotting scopes have become an essential piece of equipment for big game hunting. Transporting your spotting scope and tripod into the field can be a difficult task. AT LAST our innovative new Spotting Scope Tripod Carrier offers the sportsman a comfortable way to carry his scope and access it with ease. Keeps your spotting scope and tripod conveniently together yet can be separated and set up with the press of a couple quick release buckles Three ways you can carry your Spotting Scope Tripod Carrier: By the leather handle shoulder strap or lash it to your favorite pack frame Spotting Scope protective sleeve is constructed from a variety of materials: The sleeve interior is a combination of foam and plastic the exterior is made of waterrepellent Buck Suede or Cordura and has a handy zipper on the end with leather pull for quick access The convenient tripod wrap is adjustable to securely hold your tripod in place Constructed from water resistant Buck Suede in Realtree XTra Brown or Cordura in Forest Green Medium 16 long

Konus 7120 2060 x 80 Spotting Scope Tripod Green $341.24 The Konus 80mm spotting scope provides impeccable optical quality. Fully rubber armored to prevent shocks and scratches. Also an extendable sunshade provides a barrier from ambient light and reflection. The telescope type eyepiece provides clear and comfortable viewing from many distances. Everything you need to completely enjoy the outdoors is included. 80mm spotting scope with 45 degree eyepiece for comfortable viewing. Quick pivot set screw allows the unit to rotate and provide viewing in any situation. Multi coated optics for clear bright viewing and an oversized ocular for quick acquisition. Premium tabletop tripod with extendable legs and panhead mount maneuverability. Includes a zippered storage case with strap and a photo adapter tube for camera lens attachment capability.

Brass 18 x 50 Pirate Scope with Mahogany Tripod $1246.84 Inspect your world with this brass pirate telescopeScope comes mounted on a standing mahogany floor tripodTelescope has a refractor design with helical focusing ringsFixed power 18 x 50 50mm objective lensLength: 20 inches longFully coated achromatic lenses for brilliant imagesInternal image-correcting lens provides right-side-up images for the naked eyeBrass mounts allows the scope to move smoothly in all directionsMahogany tripods with extendable legs and polished brass jointsIdeal for celestial viewing of planets or terrestrial viewing of the beautiful cityscape