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Dealing With 'scope Creep' in Software Development Projects

Dealing with 'Scope Creep' in Software Development Projects

Summary

Scope creep is a significant risk in software development projects. We discuss why this is so, and how to avoid or at least mitigate the risk.

What is scope creep?

New software is usually developed as a result of a customer (which may be an internal or an external organisation) identifying a need. The next step is to specify how the software will meet that need; specifically, what functionality will be developed. This is the 'scope' of the project. The project plans are drawn up, based on the estimates for developing and delivering the specified functionality, and an end date is agreed

Development starts and the project seems to be progressing well. But then the customer realises that there are additional requirements they forgot to mention, or extra elements of functionality that they need. Often, adding these extras will cause the project duration to be extended, resulting in missed deadlines and increased costs, leading to erosion of margin on the project and potentially customer dissatisfaction and loss of credibility due to late delivery.

How to deal with scope creep

It is important that a functional specification is produced at the outset, written in terms that the customer can understand. For example, a walk-through of the process that the software will support, perhaps illustrated with mocked-up screen shots, will help to clarify how the new system will work from the user's point of view.

The functional specification must be agreed and signed by the customer, and should include a Scope Statement. This states that only the functionality which is explicitly described in the specification is included in the project scope, and that anything not described is 'outside scope'.

When the customer subsequently identifies additional elements, reference is made to the specification: is the required functionality described or alluded to? If it is not, then the new development is outside scope.

The next step is to work out the impact of developing the new functionality: what extra effort will be required? What effect will this have on the overall project duration? What additional costs will be incurred and how will this affect the project margin?

If the impact is trivial, it may be agreed to include the new functionality in the existing project, but ideally this should be stated in writing by issuing a revised specification. The danger here is that the customer believes that a precedent has been set and that further revisions will be made in a similar way: it is important to communicate the reasons for allowing the revision in this instance.

It is more likely that the additional development will cause delay and/or extra cost. The customer needs to be made aware of the implications of the revision in terms of its impact on timescales and costs, and a specification of the additions and changes should be written (with its own Scope Statement). It is then up to the customer to decide whether they are willing to pay more, and if they can accept the revised end date for the project. If they agree, the new specification should be signed as before.

Do we really need a Scope Statement?

You may think that writing a sufficiently detailed specification to be able to make the Scope Statement would involve more time (and cost) than is warranted by the value of the project as a whole. For instance, if the whole project is expected to only take a few weeks and it would take 5 days to write a detailed specification, a cost/benefit analysis would show that it is not worth doing.

If this is the case, assess the likelihood of the risk - based on your knowledge of the customer and how confident you are that all the requirements have been identified - and the possible impact. Build in sufficient contingency in your estimates of time and cost to cover all but the most major revisions to the specification.

About the Author

Linda has a Master's Degree (with Distinction) in Technical Authorship, and over 25 years' experience in software implementation and consultancy. She was a member of the management buy-out team when 4c Systems Ltd was formed in 2002, having worked on the 4c product for 5 years before that.

RossiBraztech P801 Scope Mount Base Blue $30.07 Made to fit all Rossi long guns this Rossi/Braztech Scope Mount Base Kit has the scope base and the screws to attach it. Be sure that the base is securely attached with the screws. If not done properly the Rossi/Braztech Scope Mount Base Kit could become loose and cause an unnecessary hazard. You may want to see a gunsmith for proper mounting of the Rossi/Braztech Scope Mount Base Kit. Color: Blue.

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Aluminum Alloy Scope Mount Base for AK Series Gun S8609 $8.45 - Aluminum alloy material - Items include scope mount + hex wrench - Fit for AK series gun - Package Included: 1 x Scope Mount Base for AK Series Gun ?

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M44/MOSIN NAGANT91 SCOPE MOUNT $14.99 M-44 Monsin-Nagant 91 Scope Mount Picatinny base for the renowned M-44 Mosin Nagant Sniper rile.T6 Aluminum construction results in durability and lighter weight while the rugged cross slot bolts secure the bracket to provide extreme rigidity

Warne Scope Mounts M629S Mounts MultiSight 1 Piece Base Silver $108.25 This Warne Maxima Steel Scope Base is constructed around the Weaver model. Made of solid steel and designed in a low profile manner the Warne Maxima Steel Scope Base allows you to still use your open sights without hindering your usual shooting position. with a full recoil slot on the Warne Maxima Steel Scope Base you are able to avoid severe recoil too. Warne scope mounts maxima qd (quick detach) rings. Type: 1 Piece Base. Finish: Silver. Size: 1 Piece. Style: Weaver.

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Nc Star M2Rd30 30Mm Scope Adapter With Double Weaver Base $24.3 Designed to mount onto a 30mm magnified scope these Scope ring provides added modularity to your optic. Easily mounted to your scope with a simple clamp style system and constructed out of high grade aluminum this scope ring mount is the perfect option for a DMR Style set up. Two Weaver style rails offer the opportunity to mount a variety of accessories including but not limited to red dots flashlights and lasers. Specifications:. Build material: Aluminum. Color: Black.

HR 72924 HRNew England Integral Scope Mount 1 Pc BaseRings $45.74 Integral 1piece scope base with rings. Medium ring height. Matte Black Finish. Fits most HR firearms that have been drilled and tapped for a scope.

Horton 1 Inch Scope Mount Kit Combo $61.6 The Mult-A-Range Scope Mounting Kit assures correct scope mounting by including a Weaver style aluminum scope base and a matched pair of 1-inch rings. This system eliminates ring skidding on the dovetail and ensures enhanced scope accuracy for all Horton Crossbows with Dial-A-Range trajectory compensators. For use with scopes having 1-inch diameters. 7/8-inch Aluminum Dovetail.

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Excalibur 2006 Scope Mount 7/8 Inch Dovetail $39.65 Our SCOPE MOUNT is built from strong anodized aluminum to solidly and securely position your scope for accurate shooting. Using a weaver type base it installs in seconds using 4 pretapped mounting holes located on every trigger unit.

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C2D Scope $99.95 C2D Scope

Horace-Scope $7.49 Horace-Scope

K-Scope $6.49 K-Scope

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Capita Micro-Scope Snowboard - Boy's $186.95 The Capita Micro-Scope snowboard exposes fun stuff like park jumps, bumps, boxes, and freestyle terrain for smaller riders. With a convex shape, the edges are raised off the snow so smaller riders (and parents) don’t have to worry about catching an edge. These boards are light, snappy, soft, and have a slight reverse camber shape making jibbing boxes a breeze. They’re everything you’ve come to expect from a CAPiTA in a simplified, scaled down version. Key Features of the Capita Micro-Scope Snowboard: WDT Engineered Jib Core Convex Edges Pre-Cured 420 Fiberglass Configuration Extruded Base Sublimated + Silkscreened Topsheet 360 Degree Steel Edges Silkscreened ABS Bomb Proof Sidewalls 4 x 2 Inserts Length (cm): 115, 125, 135 Effective Edge (cm): 83 (115), 91.4 (125), 99.9 (135) Tip/Tail Width (cm): 25.51 (115), 26.6 (125), 27.65 (135) Waist Width (cm): 22.1 (115), 22.9 (125), 23.65 (135) Sidecut (m): 5.3 (115), 5.9 (125), 6.5 (135) Size: 135 cm Color: As Shown Gender: Male Age: Youth

Capita Micro-Scope Snowboard - Kid's $186.95 The Capita Micro-Scope snowboard exposes fun stuff like park jumps, bumps, boxes, and freestyle terrain for smaller riders. With a convex shape, the edges are raised off the snow so smaller riders (and parents) don’t have to worry about catching an edge. These boards are light, snappy, soft, and have a slight reverse camber shape making jibbing boxes a breeze. They’re everything you’ve come to expect from a CAPiTA in a simplified, scaled down version. Key Features of the Capita Micro-Scope Snowboard: WDT Engineered Jib Core Convex Edges Pre-Cured 420 Fiberglass Configuration Extruded Base Sublimated + Silkscreened Topsheet 360 Degree Steel Edges Silkscreened ABS Bomb Proof Sidewalls 4 x 2 Inserts Length (cm): 115, 125, 135 Effective Edge (cm): 83 (115), 91.4 (125), 99.9 (135) Tip/Tail Width (cm): 25.51 (115), 26.6 (125), 27.65 (135) Waist Width (cm): 22.1 (115), 22.9 (125), 23.65 (135) Sidecut (m): 5.3 (115), 5.9 (125), 6.5 (135) Size: 115 cm Color: As Shown Gender: Unisex Age: Youth

3-9X42 CONTOUR SCOPE 30/30 IR,MULTI COLOR $79.99 3-9x42 IR Compact Contour Scope -Blk Matte Finish -Dual Color Reticle- 30/30 IR (switchable from green 30/30 to red 30/30 and standard black 30/30) -7/8" Picatinny Base -1/4" MOA -5-position brightness intensity for each color -Ideal for AR-15, M-16, crossbows, pistols, shotguns and more -100% waterproof and fogproof protection -Fully coated optics -Compact in size -Low magnification making them adaptable to a wide variety of shooting activities -Scope caps and rings included -Limited Lifetime Warranty

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Remington 19440 Scope Mount for Remington 87011001187 $52.64 These easily installed lightweight 4 oz. shotgun scope mounts are perfect to add the magnification and precision of scope sighting to your shotgun. Several cross slots atop the mount for Weaver type rings allow adjustments for desired eye relief. Will fit models 870 1100 and model 1187 2 3/4 to 3 1/2 shotguns right and left handed. Available in blued or new Mossy Oak BreakUp finish. Type: 1Piece Base. Style: Weaver. Finish: Black.

Marlin 71931 Nickel 2 pc Scope Base for 900 Series Rimfire Rifles 707156 $24.44 Scope mounting bases for Marlin bolt action rimfire rifles with drilled and tapped receivers. Designed for use with Weaverstyle rings. Type: 2Piece Base. Style: Accepts Weaver Style Rings. Finish: Nickel.

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Truglo 1.5-5X32 Crossbow Scope W/Illuminated Reticle & Black Finish $272.99 Illuminated crossbow scope, illuminated glass etched trajectory compensated reticle with 5 brightness settings in two colors, reticle can be calibrated to work with crossbows from 225-400 fps and hit targets from 20-50 yards, includes adjustable scope base and rings for greater vertical adjustment, lifetime limited warranty, 1. 5-5 X 32mm, black. This scope is 7/8 inch rail compatible. RELATED INFO: This scope will inch NOT inch fit Barnett crrossbows, use number 15058 for them.