Noh Ironogi Spotting Scopes

Compact Red

Inside the Compact Disc

Everyone has seen a Compact Disc, heard music played from one, or used one to store files digitally. Not many people know how they work though. The CD is a modern marvel of science that is a true testament to the tenacity of the human spirit and ingenuity.

Creating a Compact Disc is also a more involved process than many people realize. The data is recorded onto the disc in microscopic increments which means that during production, even the smallest particles of dust will cause the recordings to be corrupted. The manufacturing process must be very accurate and precise because there is no room for error.

Turning Binary into Sound

The first challenge was developing the disc itself. Optical discs must be able to contain huge amounts of data because it takes around a million bits to playback one second of music. Fortunately, one million bits on a Compact Disc is about the size of the head of a pin. This made optical discs the ideal way to store the data for later retrieval. Another challenge was inventing a way to read back all of the compressed information on the CD fast enough to play back sound continuously, which was made possible by integrated circuit technology.

When a new audio CD is needed, a glass master must be created first. It is inspected carefully for quality assurance because a flawless master is what is really needed to manufacture good replicas. Once the glass master is finished, a stamper is created that is loaded into an injection molding machine, where the actual replicates are created. Through every step of the manufacturing process, quality and precision must be solidly maintained at the risk of creating waste.

A Compact Disc plays the sounds back in a system of groves laid out in a spiral over the surface of the disc. When the laser from the CD player moves along the spiral, it will encounter "pits" and "lands" that cause the laser to be reflected back at various intensities to the reader. The computer inside the CD player interprets this data as sound. Using this method eliminates the "fuzz" that you might hear on some older audio recordings, making CD's one of the most high quality audio formats around to this day.

Alternate Methods

The original formats laid out in the Red Book created by Sony and Philips were eventually discarded by many in order to produce audio CDs that were in excess of 79.8 minutes and in order to allow for digital rights management (DRM). Over the years compact discs have become available in 74, 80, 90, and 99 minute versions. The 80 minute CD (which is actually 79.8 minutes) is currently the standard size. However, the more music a compact disc can hold, the tighter its spiral must be (which allows for more playback). Not all CD players can handle the tighter spirals, especially the older CD players that existed before the higher capacity discs hit the market. Eventually though, manufacturers updated their products and now you are much less likely to have problems playing 80 minute discs. The 99 minute discs are another story though. Your best bet is to avoid them.

About the Author

Audible Forensics provides forensic audio and audio transfer services. If you would like to transfer tape to CD or are interested in speech enhancement services - visit our website by clicking on the links.

On-Stage Stands Compact Sheet Music Stand Red $15.99 On-Stage Stands Compact Sheet Music Stand Red

Victorinox Swiss Army Compact Multipurpose Tool $68.56 Compact Multi tool Red

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Compact Camera - for camera $7.99 Case Logic Compact Camera Case - Case for camera - molded EVA - red

Boston Red Sox Compact Mirror $12.98 Show your team spirit with an Boston Red Sox compact mirror. The clamshell-style mirror features a full team logo on the front and opens up to reveal dual mirrors inside so you can be sure you look great on game day. Color: Blue

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The Red Pony (Compact Disc) $32.02 THE RED PONY, based on Steinbeck`s own experiences in his youth, was a best-seller, and remains a great American classic--a series of coming-of-age stories about a young boy who must learn for himself about death and loss.

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The Red Shoes (Compact Disc) $23.07 This dramatic excursion into the realm of the soul illuminates how we are driven to destructive behavior by ignoring our inner needs. Join Dr. EstIs as she tells the story of The Red Shoes, and analyzes how cultural pressure and inner hunger lead to the addiction/self-destruction cycle. Healing, she says, comes from a life ?made by hand,? that is a unique extension of the instinctual self. A treasury of counsel from the author of The NewYork Times #1 bestseller Women Who Run with the Wolves.

The Red Chamber (Compact Disc) $55.05 An epic reimagining of the Chinese classic Dream of the Red Chamber, set against the breathtaking backdrop of eighteenth-century Beijing, where the lives of three unforgettable women collide in the Inner Chambers of a ducal mansion.When the orphaned Daiyu leaves her home in the provinces to seek shelter with her cousins in Beijing, she is drawn into a world of opulent splendor presided over by the ruthless, scheming Xifeng and the prim, repressed Baochai. As she learns the secrets behind their glittering fa ades, she is tangled in a web of intrigue reaching all the way to the Emperor`s Palace, and finds herself no longer able to distinguish friend from foe.From the petty gossip of the servants` quarters to the political turmoil that will overthrow the dynasty and plunge the once-mighty family into grinding poverty, The Red Chamber is a sweeping portrait of three women whose lives are transformed by the power of friendship and the force of history in a world where love and duty tear them apart.

The Red House (Compact Disc) $55.05 An dazzlingly inventive novel about modern family, from the author of The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-timeThe set-up of Mark Haddon`s brilliant new novel is simple: Richard, a wealthy doctor, invites his estranged sister Angela and her family to join his for a week at a vacation home in the English countryside. Richard has just re-married and inherited a willful stepdaughter in the process; Angela has a feckless husband and three children who sometimes seem alien to her. The stage is set for seven days of resentment and guilt, a staple of family gatherings the world over.But because of Haddon`s extraordinary narrative technique, the stories of these eight people are anything but simple. Told through the alternating viewpoints of each character, The Red House becomes a symphony of long-held grudges, fading dreams and rising hopes, tightly-guarded secrets and illicit desires, all adding up to a portrait of contemporary family life that is bittersweet, comic, and deeply felt. As we come to know each character they become profoundly real to us. We understand them, even as we come to realize they will never fully understand each other, which is the tragicomedy of every family. The Red House is a literary tour-de-force that illuminates the puzzle of family in a profoundly empathetic manner -- a novel sure to entrance the millions of readers of The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time.From the Hardcover edition.

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Everest Compact Utility Bag (Set of 3) - Red $27.45 The compact utility pouch includes a detachable and adjustable shoulder strap, zippered pockets, a mesh pocket, and a belt access loop on backside. Available Colors: Black, Navy, Red.

Travelon Quilted Compact Hanging Toiletry Kit $29.99 Quilted Compact Hanging Toiletry Kit Color: Red Color Mapping: Red

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Paris Compact Fabric Sofa - Red $149.99 Compact sofa: Size H70, W139, D82cm. Weight 38kg. Floor to seat height: 45cm. Depth of seat: 54cm. Height of seat back: 70cm. Width of seating area between arms: 95cm. General information: Professional clean only. Minimal assembly required to fit feet. Collection: Paris.

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Red Harvest (Compact Disc) $119.39 Description not available.

Red Rain (Compact Disc) $53.17 Description not available.

Red Mist (Compact Disc) $48.21 Unabridged, 11 CDs, 12 1/2 hours Read by Kate Burton The new Kay Scarpetta novel from the world`s #1 bestselling crime writer.